Up-regulation of VSIG4 alleviates kidney transplantation-associated acute kidney injury through suppressing inflammation and ROS via regulation of AKT signaling.

Prolonged cold ischemia (CI) is a risk factor for acute kidney injury (AKI) after kidney transplantation (KT). AKI is an abrupt and rapid reduction in renal function due to multi-factors, including inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis. V-set immunoglobulin-domain-containing 4 (VSIG4) is a B7 family-related protein and specifically expressed in resting tissue-resident macrophages to mediate various cellular events. In the study, we attempted to explore the effects of VSIG4 on CI/KT-induced AKI in a mouse model. Our results showed that VSIG4 expression was markedly down-regulated in serum of kidney transplant recipients with acute rejection, and in renal tissues of cold ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-operated mice with AKI, which was confirmed in murine macrophages stimulated by oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). We then found that exogenous VSIG4 markedly ameliorated histological changes in kidney of CI/KT mice by suppressing inflammation and apoptosis through restraining nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and Caspase-3 activation, respectively. Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in renal tissues were also mitigated by exogenous VSIG4 in CI/KT mice through improving nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) nuclear expression. The inhibitory effects of VSIG4 on inflammation, ROS generation and cell death were confirmed in OGD/R-treated macrophages, which further ameliorated oxidative damage and apoptosis in podocytes. More in vivo and in vitro studies showed that CI/KT- and OGD/R-induced AKI was further accelerated by VSIG4 knockdown. Mechanistically, VSIG4 directly interacted with AKT, and AKT activation was necessary for VSIG4 to govern all these above mentioned cellular processes. Collectively, our findings demonstrated that VSIG4 could mitigate AKI in a CI/KT mouse model, and we identified VSIG4/AKT axis as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of the disease.

Organoids: A Platform Ready for Glioblastoma Precision Medicine?

Patient-derived organoids can recapitulate parental tumor heterogeneity. In a recent study in Cell, Jacob et al. cultivated glioblastoma organoids (GBOs) to mimic tumor heterogeneity and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell immunotherapy, applied it for xenograft establishment and drug testing, and generated a biobank for the timely start of post-operation therapy.

iRhom2 deficiency relieves TNF-α associated hepatic dyslipidemia in long-term PM2.5-exposed mice.

Accumulating researches reported that particulate matter (PM2.5) is a risk factor for developing various diseases, including metabolic syndrome. Recently, inactive rhomboid protein 2 (iRhom2) was considered as a necessary modulator for shedding of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in immune cells. TNF-α, a major pro-inflammatory cytokine, was linked to various pathogenesis of diseases, including dyslipidemia. Here, wild type (WT) and iRhom2-knockout (iRhom2-/-) mice were used to investigate the effects of iRhom2 on PM2.5-induced hepatic dyslipidemia. The hepatic histology, inflammatory response, glucose tolerance, serum parameters and gene expressions were analyzed. We found that long-term inhalation of PM2.5 resulted in hepatic steatosis. And a significant up-regulation of iRhom2 in liver tissues was observed, accompanied with elevated TNF-α, TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE), TNFα receptor (TNFR)2 and various inflammatory cytokines expressions. Additionally, PM2.5 treatment caused TG and TC accumulation in serum and liver, probably attributed to changes of genes modulating lipid metabolism. Intriguingly, hepatic injury and dyslipidemia were attenuated by iRhom2-/- in mice with PM2.5 challenge. In vitro, iRhom2-knockdwon reduced TNF-α expressions and its associated inflammatory cytokines in Kupffer cells, implying that liver-resident macrophages played an important role in regulating hepatic inflammation and lipid metabolism in cells treated with PM2.5. The findings indicated that long-term PM2.5 exposure caused hepatic steatosis and dyslipidemia through triggering inflammation, which was, at least partly, dependent on iRhom2/TNF-α pathway in liver-resident macrophages.

Comparison of protective effects of safflor injection and extract of Ginkgo biloba on lung ischemia/reperfusion injury in rabbits.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the protective effects of safflor Injection (SI) and extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGB) on lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (LIRI) and investigate its mechanism. METHODS: In vivo rabbit model of LIRI was reconstructed. Forty rabbits were randomly and equally divided into four groups: sham-operation group (sham group), ischemia-reperfusion group (model group), ischemia-reperfusion plus SI group (safflor group) and ischemia-reperfusion plus EGB injection group (EGB group). Malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and xanthine oxidase (XO) activity in serum were measured. The wet/dry weight ratio (W/D) of the lung tissue and activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) were also tested. Ultrastructure change of the lung tissue was observed by the electron microscope. The expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) was measured by immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS: In the model group, MDA and XO increased and SOD decreased in serum compared with the sham group (P<0.01). The values of W/D, MPO and ICAM-1 of the model group were higher than those of the sham group (P<0.01), but those of the safflor group and EGB group were significantly lower than those of the model group (P<0.01). The IHC demonstrated that ICAM-1 expression in lung tissue of the model group was significantly higher than those of the safflor group (P<0.01). Compared with safflor group, in the EGB group MDA, XO, MPO decreased, SOD and ICAM-1 expression increased (P<0.05), but the change of W/D was not statistically significant (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: SI and EGB may attenuate LIRI through antioxidation, inhibition of neutrophil aggregation and down-regulation of ICAM-1 expression. But EGB had more effect on the antioxidation, while SI did better on regulating ICAM-1 expression.

CDH5 is specifically activated in glioblastoma stemlike cells and contributes to vasculogenic mimicry induced by hypoxia.

BACKGROUND: A proportion of glioblastoma stemlike cells (GSCs) expressing endothelial cell marker CDH5 (vascular-endothelial-cadherin or CD144) can transdifferentiate into endothelial cells and form blood vessels. However, the implications of CDH5 expression in gliomas and how it is regulated in GSCs remain to be clarified. METHODS: The mRNA and protein levels of CDH5 were detected in glioma samples and cultured cell lines, and the prognostic value of the CDH5 expression level for GBM patients was evaluated. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to reveal the potential functional roles of CDH5 in glioblastoma multiforme. Gene knockdown induced by short hairpin RNA, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis, and a vasculogenic tube formation assay were performed to investigate the relationships among hypoxia, CDH5 expression level, and angiogenesis. RESULTS: CDH5 was overexpressed in gliomas, correlated with tumor grades, and was an independent adverse prognostic predictor for glioblastoma multiforme patients. CDH5 was specifically activated in GSCs but not in non-GSCs or neural stem cells, and CDH5(+) cells could produce xenografts in immunocompromised mice. Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that CDH5 might interact directly with hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)2α. CDH5 expression was significantly upregulated in GSCs, but not in non-GSCs or normal neural stem cells, under a 1% O2 condition. Both HIF1α and HIF2α positively regulated CDH5 level in GSCs and could bind to the promoter of CDH5. Furthermore, CDH5 contributed to the vasculogenic mimicry of GSCs, especially under hypoxic conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The specific expression of CDH5 in GSCs may contribute to GSC-derived neovasculogenesis in glioblastoma multiforme, especially under hypoxic conditions, revealing novel tumorigenic mechanisms contributed by GSCs.

Inhibition potential of glimepiride (gli) towards important UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isoforms in human liver.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the inhibitory potential of glimepiride towards important UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isoforms in human liver, which play a key role in the elimination of drugs. The recombinant UGT enzymes were used as enzyme source, and a nonspecific substrate 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) was utilized as substrate. The results showed that 100 microM of glimepiride inhibited UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A6, UGT1A9, UGT2B7 and UGT2B15 by 54.7%, 43.1%, 100%, 70.5%, 32.7 and 37.2%, respectively. Given that glimepiride exhibited strong inhibition towards UGT1A6, further inhibitory kinetic behaviour was determined. Glimepiride exerted concentration-dependent inhibition towards UGT1A6. Both Dixon and Lineweaver-Burk plots demonstrated that inhibition of UGT1A6 was best fit for noncompetitive inhibition type, and the inhibition kinetic parameter (Ki) was calculated to be 59.8 microM. Given that UGT1A6 plays a key role in detoxification of many drugs, more attention should be given when glimepiride was co-administered with the drugs mainly undergoing UGT1A6-mediated metabolism.

Strong inhibition of celastrol towards UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) 1A6 and 2B7 indicating potential risk of UGT-based herb-drug interaction.

Celastrol, a quinone methide triterpene isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F., has various biochemical and pharmacological activities, and is now being developed as a promising anti-tumor agent. Inhibitory activity of compounds towards UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) is an important cause of clinical drug-drug interactions and herb-drug interactions. The aim of the present study is to investigate the inhibition of celastrol towards two important UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isoforms UGT1A6 and UGT2B7. Recombinant UGT isoforms and non-specific substrate 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) were used. The results showed that celastrol strongly inhibited the UGT1A6 and 2B7-mediated 4-MU glucuronidation reaction, with 0.9 ± 0.1% and 1.8 ± 0.2% residual 4-MU glucuronidation activity at 100 µM of celastrol, respectively. Furthermore, inhibition kinetic study (Dixon plot and Lineweaver-Burk plot) demonstrated that celastrol noncompetitively inhibited the UGT1A1-mediated 4-MU glucuronidation, and competitively inhibited UGT2B7-catalyzed 4-MU glucuronidation. The inhibition kinetic parameters (Ki) were calculated to be 0.49 µM and 0.045 µM for UGT1A6 and UGT2B7, respectively. At the therapeutic concentration of celastrol for anti-tumor utilization, the possibility of celastrol-drug interaction and celastrol-containing herbs-drug interaction were strongly indicated. However, given the complicated nature of herbs, these results should be viewed with more caution.

Gossypol exhibits a strong influence towards UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1, 1A9 and 2B7-mediated metabolism of xenobiotics and endogenous substances.

Gossypol, the polyphenolic constituent isolated from cottonseeds, has been used as a male antifertility drug for a long time, and has been demonstrated to exhibit excellent anti-tumor activity towards multiple cancer types. The toxic effects of gossypol limit its clinical utilization, and enzyme inhibition is an important facet of this. In the present study, in vitro human liver microsomal incubation system supplemented with UDPGA was used to investigate the inhibition of gossypol towards UGT1A1, 1A9 and 2B7-mediated metabolism of xenobiotics and endogenous substances. Estradiol, the probe substrate of UGT1A1, was selected as representative endogenous substance. Propofol (a probe substrate of UGT1A9) and 3'-azido-3'-deoxythimidine (AZT, a probe substrate of UGT2B7) were employed as representative xenobiotics. The results showed that gossypol noncompetitively inhibits UGT-mediated estradiol-3-glucuronidation and propofol O-glucuronidation, and the inhibition kinetic parameters (K(i)) were calculated to be 34.2 and 16.4 µM, respectively. Gossypol was demonstrated to exhibit competitive inhibition towards UGT-mediated AZT glucuronidation, and the inhibition kinetic parameter (K(i)) was determined to be 14.0 µM. All these results indicated that gossypol might induce metabolic disorders of endogenous substances and alteration of metabolic behaviour of co-administered xenobiotics through inhibition of UGTs' activity.

Protective effect of Ulinastatin against murine models of sepsis: inhibition of TNF-α and IL-6 and augmentation of IL-10 and IL-13.

AIM: Excessive production of inflammatory mediators during invasive infection plays a key role in the pathogenesis of sepsis. In an attempt to improve survival of patients with this lethal syndrome, agents were developed to selectively inhibit mediators in this inflammatory response. Ulinastatin (UTI), a human protease inhibitor, inhibits the enhanced production of pro-inflammatory molecules. However, it is unknown if Ulinastatin treatment could result in protective effects for sepsis. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Ulinastatin on septic rats. METHODS: Sixty male Wistar rats were divided into six groups, 10 of each: sham-operation plus PBS (5 ml), cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) plus PBS (5 ml), CLP plus UTI (5000 U/kg), CLP plus UTI (10,000 U/kg), CLP plus UTI (20,000 U/kg) and sham-operation plus UTI (10,000 U/kg). Rats in the UTI groups after CLP operation were treated with Ulinastatin by intraperitoneal injection at different doses and then compared with untreated sepsis control animals. RESULTS: The intestinal concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and interleukin-13 (IL-13) were significantly higher in septic rats than those in normal rats. Ulinastatin administration effectively suppressed the levels of TNF-α and IL-6, whereas it markedly enhanced the levels of IL-10 and IL-13. CONCLUSION: Ulinastatin may possess a protective role in the septic process by inhibiting TNF-α and IL-6, and augmenting IL-10 and IL-13 concentrations in intestine of septic rats.

Unbalanced MMP/TIMP-1 expression during the development of experimental pulmonary fibrosis with acute paraquat poisoning.

Paraquat (PQ)-induced pulmonary toxicity is known to result in pulmonary edema, infiltration of inflammatory cells and damage to the alveolar epithelium, which may progress to severe fibrosis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their physiological inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs), which degrade and remodel the excess extracellular matrix, are believed to play an important role in the development of fibrotic tissue. In this study, we examined the sequential expression of MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in a rat model of pulmonary fibrosis induced by PQ. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated intraperitoneally with PQ (20 mg/kg) and saline (control group). Rats were sacrificed at days 1, 3, 7 and 21 after the PQ treatment. Lungs were excised for histological evaluation and immunohistochemical analyses, as well as the determination of collagen content, gene expression by fluorimeter-based quantitive RT-PCR assay and gelatinolytic activity by zymography. Lung MMP-2 and -9 mRNA expression progressively increased and reached a peak on day 7 after PQ treatment, while TIMP-1 mRNA levels in the PQ-treated lungs reached a peak on day 21 after modeling. Lung zymography revealed an increase in progelatinase B, progelatinase A and their active forms. In conclusion, unbalanced MMP/TIMP-1 expression and excessive gelatinolytic activity contribute to PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Their precise role should be studied in depth as they may represent relevant therapeutic targets for PQ poisoning-induced pulmonary fibrosis.

[Variation and clinical significance of serum CTnT and CK-MB in patients with acute organophosphorus pesticid poisoning].

AIM: to explore the variation and clinical significance of serum CTnT and CK-MB in patients with acute organophosphorus pesticid poisoning (AOPP). METHODS: 100 cases of patients with AOPP(AOPP-group) and 100 healthy subjects were studied, the serum CTnT and CK-MB level were detected using ELISA and immunosuppression methods. RESULTS: after poisoning 6 h, 24h, 72h, the serum CTnT and CK-MB levels of the AOPP group were higher than the controls group, compared difference was significant (P<0.05); The serum CTnT and CK-MB levels increased with increasing degrees of poisoning, the different degrees of poisoning was positively correlated with CTnT and CK-MB levels (r=0.569, 0.498, P<0.01). CONCLUSION: combined monitoring of serum CTnT and CK-MB of AOPP patients can help determine the extend of poisoning, when the serum CTnT and CK-MB levels of the AOPP group increased, the degrees of heart damage is serious, which is important diagnostic significance for heart damage.

[Study of C-reactive protein expression in type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with vascular lesions and its clinical significance].

AIM: To investigate the effect of C-reactive protein (CRP) expression in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) complicated with vascular lesions and its clinical significance. METHODS: 90 cases of T2DM patients were divided into vascular disease group (observation group, 45 cases) and non-vascular lesion group (control group, 45 cases), the CRP, FPG, HbAlc, TC, LDL-C and HDL-C levels of the two groups were measured, the blood pressure and BMI were recorded. RESULTS: (1) The serum CRP concentration and blood pressure levels of the observation group were higher than the control group, compared with the difference was significant (P<0.05), and the FPG levels and HbAlc values of the two groups were no significantly difference (P>0.05). (2) The serum TG, Fins level and BMI of the observation group were higher than the control group, compared with the difference was significant (P<0.05), and the HDL-C and LDL-C levels of the two groups were no significantly difference. CONCLUSION: The serum CRP combine with the blood pressure, blood lipids, body weight and insulin indicators has important clinical significance for early diagnosis, prevention, treatment and prognosis of T2DM complication with vascular lesions.

[Association of urinary albumin excretion rate and hyperuricemia with macrovascular atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetic patients].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) and hyperuricemia with macrovascular atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: Ninety-seven type 2 diabetic patients were divided into two groups according to the UAER, namely group A with UAER between 20 and 200 microg/min (n=63) and group B with UAER > or = 200 microg/min (n=34); the patients were also classified into hyperuricemia group (group C, n=59) and normal blood uric acid (BUA) group (group D, n=38). The disease course, BUA, fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), UAER and arteria carotis intima-media thickness (IMT) were determined in these patients. The relationship of UAER and hyperuricemia with carotid arterial IMT was analyzed statistically. RESULTS: The levels of TG, TC, LDL and HDL showed no significant differences between the 4 groups (P>0.05). The disease course, BUA, UAER, and FBG levels and IMT in groups A and C were significantly higher than those in groups C and D (P<0.05), but no such differences were found between groups A and C or between groups B and D (P>0.05). Arotid arterial IMT was independently correlated to the disease course, BUA and UAER (r=0.201, 0.1999, 0.211, respectively, P<0.05), and a significant positive correlation was noted between BUA and UAER (r=0.221, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Macrovascular atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetic patients is significantly correlated to the disease course, BUA and UAER levels, which can be used to evaluate and predict macrovascular atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetic patients.

SNAP-25 in hippocampal CA3 region is required for long-term memory formation.

SNAP-25 is a synaptosomal protein of 25 kDa, a key component of synaptic vesicle-docking/fusion machinery, and plays a critical role in exocytosis and neurotransmitter release. We previously reported that SNAP-25 in the hippocampal CA1 region is involved in consolidation of contextual fear memory and water-maze spatial memory (Hou et al. European J Neuroscience, 20: 1593-1603, 2004). SNAP-25 is expressed not only in the CA1 region, but also in the CA3 region, and the SNAP-25 mRNA level in the CA3 region is higher than in the CA1 region. Here, we provide evidence that SNAP-25 in the CA3 region is also involved in learning/memory. Intra-CA3 infusion of SNAP-25 antisense oligonucleotide impaired both long-term contextual fear memory and water-maze spatial memory, with short-term memory intact. Furthermore, the SNAP-25 antisense oligonucleotide suppressed the long-term potentiation (LTP) of field excitatory post-synaptic potential (fEPSP) in the mossy-fiber pathway (DG-CA3 pathway), with no effect on paired-pulse facilitation of the fEPSP. These results are consistent with the notion that SNAP-25 in the hippocampal CA3 region is required for long-term memory formation.

[Apoptosis of glioma cell line U251 induced by small interfering RNA targeting survivin].

OBJECTIVE: To construct recombinant expression vectors of small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting survivin and investigate apoptosis of glioma cell line U251 mediated by the survivin-targeting siRNA. METHODS: According to the sequence of the coding region of survivin gene, two strings of 19 nucleotides of inverted sequence flanking the loop sequence of two complementary 9-base oligonucleotides were designed and synthesized to form hairpin construct as the DNA templates for the target siRNA. The siRNA templates were cloned into siRNA expression vector pGenesil-1, and the resulted vector pGenesil-1/survivin was transfected into U251 cells using Metafectene following the standard protocols. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were performed to evaluate survivin gene silencing induced by siRNA transfection at the RNA and protein levels, respectively. Flow cytometry analysis with Annexin-V/PI double staining was used to determine the cell apoptosis. RESULTS: Real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting revealed significantly lowered survivin expression at both RNA and protein levels in transfected U251 cells, which exhibited a significantly higher apoptosis rate after transfection as shown by flow cytometry analysis. CONCLUSION: RNA interference mediated by the siRNA expression vector pGenesi-l/survivin can significantly reduce survivin expression and induce remarkable apoptosis in U251 cells.

The negative cell cycle regulator, Tob (transducer of ErbB-2), is involved in motor skill learning.

Tob (transducer of ErbB-2) is a negative cell cycle regulator with anti-proliferative activity in peripheral tissues. Our previous study identified Tob as a protein involved in hippocampus-dependent memory consolidation (M.L. Jin, X.M. Wang, Y.Y. Tu, X.H. Zhang, X. Gao, N. Guo, Z.Q. Xie, G.P. Zhao, N.H. Jing, B.M. Li, Y.Yu, The negative cell cycle regulator, Tob (Transducer of ErbB-2), is a multifunctional protein involved in hippocampus-dependent learning and memory, Neuroscience 131 (2005) 647-659). Here, we provide evidence that Tob in the central nervous system is engaged in acquisition of motor skill. Tob has a relatively high expression in the cerebellum. Tob expression is up-regulated in the cerebellum after rats receive training on a rotarod-running task. Rats infused with Tob antisense oligonucleotides into the 4th ventricle exhibit a severe deficit in running on a rotating rod or walking across a horizontally elevated beam.

[One-stage operation of ventriculo-peritoneal shunt and cranioplasty: analysis of 54 cases].

OBJECTIVE: To study the application of one-stage operation of ventriculo-peritoneal shunt and cranioplasty for hydrocephalus complicated by skull defect. METHOD: The clinical records of 54 patients with hydrocephalus complicated by skull defect treated with one-stage operation of ventriculo-peritoneal shunt and cranioplasty were reviewed in comparison with those of 30 patients receiving two-stage operations. RESULT: The clinical outcome of the patients receiving the two surgical procedures did not differ significantly, but two patients undergoing one-stage operation required replacement of the shunt pump due to elevation of intracranial pressure. Implementation of one-stage operations shortened the length of hospital stay and reduced the expense of patients. CONCLUSION: Hydrocephalus in combination with skull defect can be treated generally with one-stage operations and care must be taken in choosing adequate shunt tube according to the intracranial pressure measured preoperatively.

[Rapid construction and identification of full-length cDNA library of human glioma tissues].

OBJECTIVE: To explore a method for rapid construction of a full-length cDNA library of human glioma tissues using switching mechanism at 5' end of RNA transcript (SMART). METHODS: The total RNA was extracted from several samples of human glioma tissues and the mRNA was subsequently separated. Multiple mRNA samples were mixed to be used as the template for the first-strand cDNA synthesis. The CDS /3' PCR primer (containing Sfi IB site) was used in the first-strand reaction, and the SMART IV Oligo(dT) (containing Sfi A site) served as the short, extended template at the 5' end of the mRNA. With the above two primers, the primer-extension step generated full-length double-strand cDNA, which was digested by Sfi I restriction enzyme and ligated to the Sfi I A & B -digested lambdaTriplEx2 vector. The ligated vector was then packaged by lambda packaging extract for the final construction of the cDNA library. RESULTS: The unamplified human glioma cDNA library consisted of 2.4x10(6) independent clones with a recombination rate of 100%. The titer of the amplified cDNA library was 4.5x10(9) pfu/ml, and the average exogenous inserts of the recombinants was 1.2 kb in length. CONCLUSION: A high-quality full-length cDNA library of human gliomas was constructed successfully, which may facilitate further study of the screening and cloning of new tumor suppressor genes and tissue-specific genes of human glioma.